SYLLABUS OF BIOLOGY A-LEVEL

SYLLABUS ZA BIOLOGY


TOPIC 1.0 CYTOLOGY
  
   1.1 The  cell theory
   1.2 Cell structure and function
   1.3 Organic constituents of cell
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Enzymes
  • ATP
 TOPIC 2.0 PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

    2.1 Classification systems
    2.2 Categories of Classification
    2.3 Nomenclature
    2.4 Taxonomic keys

TOPIC 3.0 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NATURAL GROUPS OF ORGANISM

    3.1 Viruses
    3.2 Kingdom Monera
  •  Division Eubacteria       
    3.3 Kingdom Protista
  • Phylum Rhizopoda
  • Phylum Zoomastigma
  • Phylum Apicomplexa
  • Phylum Euglenophyta
  • Phylum Oomycota
  • Phylum Chlorophyta
    3.3.1 Economic importance

    3.4  Kingdom Fungi
  • Phylum Zygomycota
  • Phylum Ascomycota
  • Phylum Basidiomycota
     3.4.1 Economic Importance

    3.5 Kingdom Plantae
  • Division Bryophyta
  • Division Filicinophyta
  • Division Coniferophyta
  • Division Angiospermophyta
     3.5.1 Economic importance

    3.6 Kingdom Animalia
  • Phylum Platyhelminthes
  • Phylum Aschelminthes (Nematoda)
  • Phylum Annelida
  • Phylum Arthropoda
  • Phylum Chordata
TOPIC 4.0 COORDINATION
           
        4.1 Coordination in Animals
  • Nervous System
  • Synapse
  • Sensory receptors
  • Mammalian Endocrinology
  • Peripherial nervous system            
        4.2 Coordination in Plants
  • Types of tactic movement
  • Tropic Movement
  • Nastic Movement
TOPIC 5.0 NUTRITION
         
          5.1 Types of Nutrition
         
          5.2 Nutrition in Animals
  • Digestion System in Mammals
  5.3 Photosynthesis
  • Types of Photosynthetic reaction
  • Mechanism of Photosynthesis
  • Requirements of Photosynthesis
  • Economic Importance of Photosynthesis
TOPIC 6.0 GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND RESPIRATION
                 
          6.1 Gaseous exchange
  • Mammalian Lungs
  • Transport of respiratory gases
  • Gaseous exchange in Plants
  6.2 Respiratory
  • Site of Respiration
  • Stages of Respiration
  • Alternative respiratory substrates
  • Respiratory quotient
  • Basal metabolic rate
TOPIC 7.0 REGULATION (HOMEOSTASIS)

          7.1 Feedback mechanism
          7.2 Control of blood glucose level
          7.3 Temperature regulation

TOPIC 8.0 TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS

           8.1 Transportation in Plants
  • Movement of Materials across the root System
           8.2 Transportation in Animals

TOPIC 9.0 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
        
           9.1 Mitosis
           9.2 Growth Patterns
           9.3 Growth and Development in Plants
  • Primary and secondary growth in Angiosperms
  • Seed dormancy and viability
TOPIC 10.0 REPRODUCTION
     
           10.1 Meiosis
           10.2 Reproduction in Plants
  • Fertilization
  • Seed and fruit Development
  • Life Cycles
    10.3 Reproduction in Animals
  • Fertilization and Zygote development in mammals
  • Birth and parental care
  • Life cycles
TOPIC 11.0 GENETICS
   
             11.1 Hereditary Materials
  • DNA
  • RNA
      11.2 Mendelian Principles of Inheritance
      11.3 Non-Mendelian Inheritance
      11.4 Mutations

TOPIC 12.0 EVOLUTION

              12.1 Theories on the origin of Life
              12.2 Theories on the mechanism of organic evolution
      12.2 Evidences on the Evolution
  • Paleontology
  • Comparative Morphology and Anatomy
  • Comparative Bio-Chemistry
  • Bio-geography
  • Selective Breeding
      12.3 Speciation

TOPIC 13.0 ECOLOGY
    
              13.1 Ecosystem
              13.2 Methods of studying Ecology
              13.3 Population by Dynamics
              13.4 Sustainable use of environmental resources.
TOPIC 14.0 EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION

                              14.1 Excretion of nitrogenous waste
                              14.2 Mammalian kidney
                              14.3 Mechanism of Urine formation
                              14.4 Endocrine control of osmoregulation
                              14.5 Urine
      •  OSMOREGULATION     
                              14.6 Osmoregualation in marine elasmobranches
                              14.7 Osmoregulation in fresh water organism
                              14.8 Adaptations of mammals to arid environment
                              14.9 Adaptations of mammals to humid condition
           
          
  












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