Cambridge IGCSE Biology 3rd Edition Illustrated Edition.
Contents
Acknowledgements vi
To the student viii
1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms 1
Characteristics of living organisms 1
Concept and use of a classification system 2
Features of organisms 6
Dichotomous keys 21
2 Organisation and maintenance of the organism 24
Cell structure and organisation 24
Levels of organisation 29
Size of specimens 33
3 Movement in and out of cells 36
Diffusion 36
Osmosis 40
Active transport 48
4 Biological molecules 51
Biological molecules 51
Proteins 53
Structure of DNA 54
Water 55
5 Enzymes 59
Enzyme action 59
6 Plant nutrition 66
Photosynthesis 66
structure 77
Mineral requirements 81
7 Human nutrition 86
Diet 86
Alimentary canal 95
Mechanical digestion 98
Chemical digestion 100
Absorption 103
8 Transport in plants 110
Transport in plants 110
Water uptake 114
Transpiration 116
Translocation 121
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9 Transport in animals 124
Transport in animals 124
Heart 125
Blood and lymphatic vessels 132
Blood 136
10 Diseases and immunity 142
Pathogens and transmission 142
Defences against diseases 148
11 Gas exchange in humans 156
Gas exchange in humans 156
12 Respiration 165
Respiration 165
Aerobic respiration 165
Anaerobic respiration 169
13 Excretion in humans 174
Excretion 174
14 Co-ordination and response 180
Nervous control in humans 181
Sense organs 186
Hormones in humans 190
Homeostasis 192
Tropic responses 197
15 Drugs 205
Drugs 205
Medicinal drugs 205
Misused drugs 207
16 Reproduction 213
Asexual reproduction 213
Sexual reproduction 219
Sexual reproduction in plants 221
Sexual reproduction in humans 232
Sex hormones in humans 241
Methods of birth control in humans 243
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) 245
17 Inheritance 250
Inheritance 250
Chromosomes, genes and proteins 250
Mitosis 254
Meiosis 255
Monohybrid inheritance 259
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18 Variation and selection 270
Variation 270
Adaptive features 274
Selection 279
19 Organisms and their environment 284
Energy flow 284
Food chains and food webs 285
Nutrient cycles 292
Population size 296
20 Biotechnology and genetic engineering 305
Biotechnology and genetic engineering 305
Biotechnology 305
Genetic engineering 310
21 Human influences on ecosystems 316
Food supply 316
Habitat destruction 320
Pollution 324
Conservation 334
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